Strategia / v3.5.2.0 / by Birdy Dog Studio / 41.38M

Strategia / 1.7 / by Extreme Simulator / 37.00M

Strategia / 2.8.4 / 135.83M

Strategia / 0.9 / by Identive / 62.00M

Strategia / 6.1.1 / 104.78M

Strategia / 31 / 64.00M

Strategia / v0.7.5 / by Homa / 82.00M

Strategia / v2.1.21 / by FRONTLINE HONG KONG LIMITED / 765.04M

Strategia / 3.5.4 / by IGG.COM / 34.00M

Strategia / v1.43.00 / by 37games / 11.77M

Strategia / 2.1.12 / by ELDEN RING / 12.40M

Strategia / 358106 / 175.60M

Strategia / 1.30 / 28.85M

Strategia / v1.28.1 / by Lessmore UG / 72.93M

Strategia / 1.7 / 65.00M